Energy storage system and method

ABSTRACT

A an energy storage system includes a crane and a plurality of blocks, where the crane is operable to move blocks from a lower elevation to a higher elevation (via stacking of the blocks) to store electrical energy as potential energy of the blocks, and then operable to move blocks from a higher elevation to a lower elevation (via unstacking of the blocks) to generate electricity based on the kinetic energy of the block when lowered (e.g., by gravity). The energy storage system can, for example, store electricity generated from solar power as potential energy in the stacked blocks during daytime hours when solar power is available, and can convert the potential energy in the stacked blocks into electricity during nighttime hours when solar energy is not available, and deliver the converted electricity to the power grid.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claimis identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the presentapplication are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57 andshould be considered a part of this specification.

BACKGROUND Field

The invention is directed to an energy storage system, and moreparticularly to an energy storage system that stores and releases energyvia the stacking of blocks.

Description of the Related Art

Power generation from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar power, windpower, hydroelectric power, biomass, etc.) continues to grow. However,many of these renewable energy sources (e.g., solar power, wind power)are intermittent an unpredictable, limiting the amount of electricitythat can be delivered to the grid from intermittent renewable energysources.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there is a need for improved system to capture electricitygenerated by renewable energy sources for predictable delivery to theelectric grid.

In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, an energy storagesystem is provided. An example energy storage system includes a craneand a plurality of blocks, where the crane is operable to move one ormore blocks from a lower elevation to a higher elevation to store energy(e.g., via the potential energy of the block in the higher elevation)and operable to move one or more blocks from a higher elevation to alower elevation to generate electricity (e.g., via the kinetic energy ofthe block when moved to the lower elevation).

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a gravity drivenpower storage and generation system is provided. An example gravitydriven power storage and generation system includes a crane with one ormore jibs (e.g., multiple jibs) operable to store energy by moving oneor more blocks from a lower elevation to a higher elevation and operableto generate electricity by moving one or more blocks from a higherelevation to a lower elevation under the force of gravity.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the energy storagesystem can in one example store solar power to produce off-hourselectricity. The energy storage system can stack a plurality of blocksto store solar energy as potential energy in the stacked blocks duringdaylight hours when solar electricity is abundant. The energy storagesystem can then operate to unstack the blocks during nighttime to drivea generator to produce electricity for deliver to the power grid.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure a method for storingand generating electricity is provided. The method comprises operating acrane to stack a plurality of blocks by moving the one or more blocksfrom a lower elevation to a higher elevation to store energy in theblocks, each of the blocks storing an amount of energy corresponding toa potential energy amount of the block. The method also comprisesoperating the crane to unstack one or more of the blocks by moving theone or more blocks from a higher elevation to a lower elevation under aforce of gravity, thereby generating an amount of electricitycorresponding to a kinetic energy amount of said one or more blocks whenmoved from the higher elevation to the lower elevation.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, an energy storagesystem is provided. The system comprises a plurality of blocks and acrane comprising a frame, an electric motor-generator, one or moretrolleys movably coupled to the frame, and a cable movably coupled tothe one or more trolleys and operatively coupled to the electricmotor-generator. The cable is configured to operatively couple to one ormore of the plurality of blocks. The crane is operable to stack one ormore of the plurality of blocks on top of each other by moving saidblocks from a lower elevation to a higher elevation to store and amountof electrical energy in said blocks corresponding to a potential energyamount of said blocks. The crane is further operable to unstack one ormore of the plurality of blocks by moving said blocks from a higherelevation to a lower elevation under a force of gravity to generate anamount of electricity corresponding to a kinetic energy amount of saidone or more blocks when moved from the higher elevation to the lowerelevation.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a block for use inan energy storage and generation system is provided. The block comprisesa body comprising concrete having a rectangular shape with a lengthgreater than a width, the width being greater than a depth of the body,a planar facet interconnecting adjacent sides of the body, and one ormore recesses on a bottom surface of the body. The block also comprisesa metal plate attached to the one or more recesses to inhibit wear onthe block during movement of the block.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a grabber for usein lifting and lowering blocks in an energy storage and generationsystem is provided. The grabber comprises a body including across-member coupleable to a cable operable by a crane, a pair of armsextending distally from the cross-member body, and one or more leverslocated in a distal portion of each of the pair of arms. The one or morelevers are actuatable between a retracted position that allows thegrabber to be lowered past a bottom end of a block and an extendedposition that allows the one or more levers to engage the bottom end ofthe block to thereby couple to the block.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a method ofoperating a grabber to lift and lower blocks in an energy storage andgeneration system is provided. The method comprises lowering the grabberrelative to a block, inserting a pair of arms of the grabber through apair of bores in the block until a distal end of the pair of armsprotrude from the pair of bores, actuating one or more levers movablycoupled to the pair of arms from a retracted position to an extendedposition, and engaging a recessed distal surface of the pair of boreswith the one or more levers in the extended position to allow lifting ofthe block with the grabber.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-3 are schematic views of an example energy storage system.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of output power per time output by anenergy storage system.

FIG. 5 is partial perspective view of an energy storage system having acircular tower form.

FIG. 6A is a perspective view of an energy storage system having acircular tower form with multiple jibs, in one operationalconfiguration.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the circular tower in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6C is a perspective view of the energy storage system of FIG. 6A,in another operational configuration.

FIG. 6D is a cross-sectional view of the circular tower in FIG. 6C.

FIG. 6E is a partial perspective view of the energy storage system ofFIG. 6C.

FIG. 7A is a perspective view of an energy storage system having asquare tower form with an overhead bridge crane, in one operationalconfiguration.

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the square tower in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7C is a perspective view of the energy storage system of FIG. 7A,in another operational configuration.

FIG. 7D is a cross-sectional view of the square tower in FIG. 7C.

FIGS. 8A-8H are schematic top views of energy storage systems with anoverhead bridge crane.

FIG. 9 is a partial schematic side view of an energy storage system withan overhead bridge crane.

FIG. 10A is a schematic view of a first layer of blocks in an energystorage system.

FIG. 10B is a schematic view of a second layer of blocks disposed abovethe first layer of blocks in an energy storage system.

FIG. 10C is a schematic view of the first and second layer of blocks inFIGS. 10A-10B superimposed on each other.

FIG. 11A is a perspective schematic top view of a pair of blocksproximate each other.

FIG. 11B is a perspective schematic bottom view of the pair of blocks inFIG. 11A.

FIG. 12A is a perspective schematic top view of three blocks, onestacked over the other two.

FIG. 12B is a schematic top view of the blocks in FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view of a block in FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13B is another cross-sectional view of the block in FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13C is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the blockshown in FIG. 13A.

FIG. 14A is a perspective bottom view of a grabber.

FIG. 14B is a perspective top view of the grabber in FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is a partial cross-sectional view of the grabber passingthrough a block with lever(s) in a retracted position.

FIG. 14D is a partial cross-sectional view of the grabber extendingthrough the block with lever(s) in a retracted position.

FIG. 14E is a partial cross-sectional view of the grabber with thelever(s) in an extended position.

FIG. 14F is a partial cross-sectional view of the grabber with thelever(s) in the extended position and engaging the block.

FIG. 14G is a top perspective view of the grabber extending through theblock.

FIG. 14H is a bottom perspective view of the grabber extending throughthe block, with the lever(s) in the extended position and engaging theblock.

FIG. 14I is a schematic block diagram of an operating system for thegrabber.

FIG. 14J is a schematic block diagram of another operating system forthe grabber.

FIG. 14K is a schematic block diagram of another operating system forthe grabber.

FIG. 14L is a partial sectional view of the grabber attached to a pulleyassembly.

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of a method of operating thegrabber.

FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of a method of operating an energystorage system.

FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of a power interface between theenergy storage system and the power grid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Crane Design

FIGS. 1-3 illustrate an example energy storage system 100 (the “system”)operable to convert electrical energy or electricity into potentialenergy for storage, and to convert potential energy into electricalenergy or electricity, for example, for delivery to an electrical grid.

The system 100 includes a crane 101 with a tower 102 and one or morejibs 104. In one example, the one or more jibs 104 extend transversely(e.g., perpendicular) relative to the tower 102. The one or more jibs104 extend radially outward relative to the tower 102. Optionally, thejibs 104 can rotate about the tower 102. FIGS. 1-3 show the crane 101having two jibs 104 on opposite sides of the tower 102 thatcounterbalance each other. In one example, the crane 101 is optionallysymmetrical about an axis Z of the tower 102. Though FIGS. 1-3 show thecrane 101 with two jibs 104, as discussed further below, another exampleenergy storage systems 100 can have a plurality of pairs of jibs 104,where each pair of jibs 104 are on opposite sides of the tower 102 tocounterbalance each other.

Though FIGS. 1-3 shows only a portion of a second jib 104 (shown to theleft of the tower 102), one of skill in the art will recognize that, inone example, the second jib 104 is a mirror image of the first jib 104(e.g., shown to the right of the tower 102). One or both of the tower102 and the jib(s) 104 optionally has a truss frame. The crane 101optionally includes a support cable 110 that connects portions 105(e.g., distal or end portions) of the jib(s) 104 and optionally couplesto the tower 102.

The crane 101 optionally includes an electric motor-generator 120. Inone example, as shown in FIGS. 1-3, the motor-generator 120 is coupledto one or both of the tower 102 and the jib(s) 104. In other examples,the motor-generator 120 can be located in other suitable locationsrelative to the tower 102 and/or the jib(s) 104. In one example, themotor-generator 120 is a single unit that can operate as both anelectric motor and a generator. In another example, the motor-generator120 has a separate electric motor unit and electric generator unit(e.g., a separate motor unit spaced apart from or in a differentlocation from the generator unit).

The crane 101 can have a trolley 106 movably coupled to the jib(s) 104.In one example, shown in FIGS. 1-3, the crane 101 has two trolleys 106,each movably coupled to one of the two jibs 104. A cable 108 (e.g., oneor more cables) is movably coupled to each trolley 106 so that the cable108 can be retracted or extended (e.g., payed out) relative to thetrolley 106 in a generally vertical direction (e.g., generallyperpendicular to the jib(s) 104). The cable 108 operatively couples to ablock 150 (e.g., via the grabber 500, as further described below),allowing the block 150 to be lifted and lowered. In one example, eachpair of jibs 104 lifts (e.g., vertically lifts) or lowers (e.g.,vertically lowers) blocks 150 at the same time to counterbalance eachother. Though the drawings show one cable 108, one of skill in the artwill recognize that a pair of cables 108 can be coupled to the trolley106 at one end and to a pulley assembly at an opposite end via whichthey operatively couple to the block 150 (e.g., via the grabber 500discussed below).

With continued reference to FIGS. 1-3, the energy storage system 100 hasa plurality of blocks 150. In one example, shown in FIG. 1, each of theplurality of blocks 150 has the same size and shape. In another example,shown in FIGS. 2-3, the energy storage system has a plurality of blocks150′, where one or more of the blocks 150′ vary in size. The blocks 150′of varying size can be used in an example system 100 where the blocks150′ are to be moved along the jib(s) farther from the tower 102, tomeet the maximum weight capacity of the crane 101 and inhibit damage tothe crane 101. Further details of the blocks 150, 150′ are providedbelow.

Tower Crane Design

FIGS. 5-6E show an example energy storage system 100A (the “system”)operable to convert electrical energy or electricity into potentialenergy for storage, and to convert potential energy into electricalenergy or electricity, for example, for delivery to an electrical grid.Some of the features of the energy storage system 100A are similar tofeatures of the energy storage system 100 in FIGS. 1-3. Thus, thestructure and description for the various features of the energy storagesystem 100 in FIGS. 1-3 are understood to also apply to thecorresponding features of the energy storage system 100A in FIGS. 5-6E,except as described below.

The energy storage system 100A differs from the energy storage system100 in that the crane 101 has multiple pairs of jibs 104 coupled to thetower 102. For example, FIGS. 6A-6E show three pairs of jibs 104A-104B,104C-104D, 104E-104F coupled to (e.g., intersecting) the tower 102 ofthe crane 101. Each pair of jibs 104 optionally extend on opposite sidesof the tower 102 to advantageously counterbalance each other.Additionally, the multiple (e.g., three) pairs of jibs 104 are orientedat different angular orientations, and therefore define a polarcoordinate system in which the blocks 150 are moved. A trolley 106 ismovably coupled to each jib 104 and movably supports one or more cables108 that couple to a grabber 500 (described further below). The grabber500 is selectively actuatable to couple to a block 150 to lift (e.g.,vertically lift) the block 150 from a first (start) position, transferthe block 150 (to a different polar coordinate location) and lower(e.g., vertically lower) the block 150 to a second (finish) position. Inanother example, the crane 101 can have more pairs of jibs 104 (e.g.,four pairs, five pairs, etc.), or fewer pairs (e.g., two pairs) of jibs104. Though the drawings show one cable 108 attached to each trolley 106on each jib 104, one of skill in the art will recognize that a pair ofcables 108 can be coupled to the trolley 106 at one end and to a pulleyassembly at an opposite end via which they operatively couple to theblock 150 (e.g., via the grabber 500 discussed below).

In one example, each pair of jibs 104 lifts or lowers blocks 150 at thesame time to counterbalance each other. In one example, while one pairof jibs 104 is lowering (e.g., simultaneously lowering) blocks 150(e.g., to generate electricity), another pair of jibs 104 is lifting(e.g., simultaneously lifting) a pair of grabbers 500 (discussed furtherbelow) without blocks 150 attached to reposition the grabbers 500 tocouple to and lift another pair of blocks 150. This arrangementadvantageously allows for constant power generation (e.g., withoutinterruption) from the lowering of blocks 150 as one or more pairs ofthe multiple pairs of jibs 104 is always lowering blocks 150 to generateelectricity.

The stack of blocks 150 define a tower 900 (e.g., having a generallycylindrical shape). In one example, the tower 900 can have between 40and 60 levels or floors of blocks 150. The tower 900 includes aplurality of blocks 150 optionally arranged to form a windbreakstructure 910. In one example, the windbreak structure 910 can have agenerally cylindrical shape. A second plurality of blocks 150 areoptionally stacked to define cross-members 920 that buttress (e.g.,support) the windbreak structure 910. The cross-members 920 canoptionally extend radially between the tower 102 (e.g., center of thetower 900) and the windbreak structure 910. FIG. 5 shows three of fourcross-members 920 (the fourth removed to allow view of the internalstructure of the tower 900). In one example, the cross-members aregenerally planar and define four quadrants.

A third plurality of blocks 150 define an energy storage assembly 930that can be stacked an unstacked within the space defined (e.g.,bounded) by the windbreak structure 910 to store electrical energy orelectricity as potential energy and convert potential energy toelectrical energy or electricity, as previously discussed.Advantageously, the windbreak structure 910 inhibits (e.g., prevents)exposure of the third plurality of blocks 150 to wind forces as they arelifted or lowered to store potential energy or generate electricity,thereby increasing the efficiency of power generation of the energystorage system 100A.

In one example, the third plurality of blocks 150 of the energy storageassembly 930 that are stacked and unstacked within each quadrant definedby the windbreak structure 910 and the cross-members 920. In such anexample (see FIG. 5), the blocks 150 that define the windbreak structure910 and the cross-members 920 are not moved. Optionally, rebar can beinserted through bores (e.g., bores 157, see FIG. 13A) of the blocks 150that define the windbreak structure 910 to increase the rigidity of thewindbreak structure 910; optionally, the bores (e.g., bores 157, seeFIG. 13A) of the blocks 150 that define the windbreak structure 910 canadditionally or alternatively be filled with concrete so the windbreakstructure 910 is a monolithic structure.

In another example (see e.g., FIG. 6A-6E), the first plurality of blocks150 that define the windbreak structure 910 and/or the second pluralityof blocks 150 that define the cross-members 920 can also be lifted orlowered to store potential energy or generate electricity. FIGS. 6A-6Bshow the tower 900 in the fully stacked arrangement (e.g., fully chargedor at approximately maximum potential energy storage level). FIGS. 6C-6Eshow the tower 900 in a discharged arrangement (e.g., at approximately afully discharged arrangement with a lower, for example minimum,potential energy storage level).

As described further below, in one example each of the blocks 150 have alength L that is approximately twice the width W of the blocks 150.Therefore, the blocks 150 can be stacked with an east-west orientation,or north-south orientation, for example in alternating patterns (e.g.,each level or floor of the tower 900 can have a tiling pattern differentthan the tiling pattern of adjacent levels or floors). Accordingly, theblocks 150 can advantageously be interleaved, as further describedbelow, to enhance the structural integrity and stability of the stackedblocks 150 (e.g., stability of the tower 900).

Bridge Crane Design

FIGS. 7A-7D show an example energy storage system 100G (the “system”)operable to convert electrical energy or electricity into potentialenergy for storage, and to convert potential energy into electricalenergy or electricity, for example, for delivery to an electrical grid.Some of the features of the energy storage system 100G are similar tofeatures of the energy storage system 100 in FIGS. 1-3 and system 100Ain FIGS. 5-6E. Thus, the same numerical identifiers are used, exceptthat a “G” is added to the numerical identifiers for the energy storagesystem 100G, and the structure and description for the various featuresof the energy storage system 100 in FIGS. 1-3 and system 100A in FIGS.5-6E are understood to also apply to the corresponding features of theenergy storage system 100G in FIGS. 7A-7D, except as described below.

The energy storage system 100G differs from the energy storage system100 and energy storage system 100G in that the crane 101G rests on apair of rails 902G. In one example, the crane 101G defines a bridge 104Gwith one or more sets of wheels 103G on opposite ends of the bridge104G. In one example, the wheel(s) 103G can move along the rails 902G,thereby allowing the bridge 104G of the crane 101G to be moved,repositioned or otherwise travel along a length of the rails 902G (e.g.,in a first direction). The crane 101G can also include one or moretrolleys 106G coupled to the bridge 104G. In one example, the trolley(s)106G are movably coupled to the bridge 104G, allowing the trolley(s)106G to move or otherwise travel along a length of the bridge 104G(e.g., in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction). Oneor more cables 108G are movably coupled to the trolley(s) 106G. Forexample, the cable(s) 108G are coupled to a winch of the trolley(s) 106Gthat is operable to retract (e.g., wind) or extend or pay out (e.g.,unwind) the cable(s) 108G relative to the trolley(s) 106G (e.g.,relative to a winch on the trolley(s) 106G). The one or more cable(s)108G can couple to a grabber 500 (described further below), which can beselectively actuatable to couple to a block 150. Though the drawingsshow one cable 108G attached to each trolley 106G on the bridge 104G,one of skill in the art will recognize that a pair of cables 108 can becoupled to the trolley 106G at one end and to a pulley assembly at anopposite end via which they operatively couple to the block 150 (e.g.,via the grabber 500 discussed below).

The crane 101G advantageously defines a Cartesian coordinate system inwhich the blocks 150 are moved (e.g., the rails 902G defining a firstaxis or direction, and the bridge 104G defining a second axis ordirection that is perpendicular to the first axis or direction). In oneexample, movement of one or both of the bridge 104G along the rail(s)902G and the trolley(s) 106G along the bridge 104G allow the crane 101Gto position one or more of the blocks 150 in different Cartesiancoordinate positions. In one example, the grabber 500 is operable tolift (e.g., vertically lift) a block 150 from a first (start) position(e.g., first Cartesian coordinate location), transfer the block 150 (toa second Cartesian coordinate location different than the firstCartesian coordinate location) and lower (e.g., vertically lower) theblock 150 to a second (finish) position.

The stack of blocks 150 define a tower 900G (e.g., having a generallysquare cross-sectional shape when viewed from above). In one example,the tower 900G can have between 40 and 60 levels or floors of blocks150. The tower 900G includes a plurality of blocks 150 arranged to forma windbreak structure 910G. In one example, the rail(s) 902G can besupported on a top layer of the windbreak structure 910G (e.g., the pairof rails 902G can be coupled to, disposed on or otherwise attached to atop surface 151A of the blocks 150 that define the top layer of thewindbreak structure 910G).

In one example, the windbreak structure 910G has a generally square orrectangular shape (e.g., having a periphery with a generally squarecross-sectional shape when viewed from above). A second plurality ofblocks 150 define an energy storage assembly 930G that can be stacked anunstacked within the space defined (e.g., bounded) by the windbreakstructure 910G to store electrical energy or electricity as potentialenergy and convert potential energy to electrical energy or electricity,as previously discussed. Advantageously, the windbreak structure 910inhibits wind forces on the second plurality of blocks 150 as they arelifted or lowered to store potential energy or generate electricity,thereby increasing the efficiency of power generation of the energystorage system 100G. In one example, rebar and/or concrete canoptionally be inserted through bores (e.g., bores 157, see FIG. 13A) ofthe blocks 150 that define the windbreak structure 910G to increase therigidity of the windbreak structure 910G (e.g., so the windbreakstructure 910G is a monolithic structure).

FIGS. 7A-7B show the tower 900 in the fully stacked arrangement (e.g.,fully charged or at approximately maximum potential energy storagelevel). FIGS. 7C-7D show the tower 900 in a discharged arrangement(e.g., at approximately a fully discharged arrangement with a lower, forexample minimum, potential energy storage level).

As described further below, in one example each of the blocks 150 have alength L that is approximately twice the width W of the blocks 150.Therefore, the blocks 150 can be stacked with an east-west orientation,or north-south orientation, for example in alternating patterns (e.g.,each level or floor of the tower 900 can have a tiling pattern differentthan the tiling pattern of adjacent levels or floors). Accordingly, theblocks 150 can advantageously be interleaved, as further describedbelow, to enhance the structural integrity and stability of the stackedblocks 150 (e.g., stability of the tower 900G).

FIGS. 8A-8H show other example energy storage systems 100H-100P. Energystorage systems 100H-100M are similar to the energy storage system 100G,except as described below. Thus, the same numerical identifiers areused, and the structure and description for the various features of theenergy storage system 100G in FIGS. 7A-7D are understood to also applyto the corresponding features of the energy storage systems 100H-100M inFIGS. 8A-8F, except as described below. Energy storage systems 100N,100P are similar to energy storage system 100A, except as describedbelow. Thus, the same numerical identifiers are used, and the structureand description for the various features of the energy storage system100A in FIGS. 5-6E are understood to also apply to the correspondingfeatures of the energy storage systems 100N, 100P in FIGS. 8G-8H, exceptas described below.

Energy storage system 100H differs from the energy storage system 100Gsolely in that the windbreak structure 910G has a rectangular shape(when viewed from above) and in that the crane 101G has two bridges 104Gthat move (linearly) along the rails 902G, each of the bridges 104Ghaving a corresponding trolley 106G that winds and unwinds a cable 108Gcoupled to it to lift and lower blocks 150 (e.g., via the grabber 500,discussed further below). In one example, the windbreak structure 910Ghas a width of approximately 60 m and depth of approximately 30 m, whenviewed from above. Other suitable dimensions are possible.

Energy storage system 100I differs from the energy storage system 100Hsolely in that it adds a cross-member 920G that can optionally buttress(e.g., support) the windbreak structure 910G. In one example, thecross-member 920G is generally planar and divides the space defined(e.g., bounded) by the windbreak structure 910G into two halves. Each ofthe bridges 104G optionally operates (e.g., moves linearly) in each ofthe halves to move blocks 150 within its associated half.

Energy storage system 100J differs from the energy storage system 100Gin that it adds four cross-members 920G that (e.g., extend from a centerof the tower 900G and) divide the space defined (e.g., bounded) by thewindbreak structure 910G into four quadrants. The energy storage system100J optionally has four bridges 104G, one operating (e.g., movinglinearly) in each of the quadrants to move blocks 150 within itsassociated quadrant.

Energy storage system 100K differs from the energy storage system 100Gsolely in that the windbreak structure 910G is C-shaped with an openend, rather than a square.

Energy storage system 100L differs from the energy storage system 100Isolely in that the windbreak structure 910G has two open ends so thatthe windbreak structure 910G and the cross-member 920G define an I-shape(when viewed from above).

Energy storage system 100M differs from the energy storage system 100Jsolely in that the windbreak structure 910G has four open ends so thatthe windbreak structure 910G and the cross-member 920G define a double Ishape (when viewed from above).

Energy storage system 100N differs from the energy storage system 100Ain that instead of jibs 104 the crane 101 has bridges 104 that move orrotate about a center of the tower 900 (when viewed from above).Optionally, an end of the multiple bridges 104 moves along a railattached to a top of the cylindrical windbreak structure 910G, allowingthe bridges 104 to rotate in a polar manner and move blocks 150 betweendifferent polar coordinate positions.

Energy storage system 100P differs from the energy storage system 100Ain that it has four bridges 104G, each having one end coupled proximatea center of the tower 900 and an opposite end movably coupled to aportion of the cylindrical windbreak structure 910. Each of the bridges104G optionally operates to pivot about the center of the tower 900 tomove blocks 150 within its associated quadrant of the tower 900.

FIG. 9 shows an example crane 101G with a bridge 104G that canoptionally be used with the energy storage systems 100G in FIGS. 7A-7Dand 100H-100M in FIGS. 8A-8F. The bridge 104G can optionally movemultiple blocks 150 at the same time. In one example, the bridge 104Gcan have one or more trolleys 106G that winds and unwinds multiplecables 108G operatively coupled to multiple (e.g., 3) grabbers 500(described below). Therefore, the multiple cables 108 and grabbers 500can selectively couple to multiple (e.g., 3) blocks 150 at the same time(e.g., can lift, transfer and lower the multiple blocks 150 at the sametime).

Block Layout

FIGS. 10A-10B show two different layers of blocks 150 (e.g., of theenergy storage system 100, 100A, 100G-100P). In one example, the twodifferent layers of blocks 150 can be used in defining at least aportion of different levels in the tower or stack 900, 900G, such asdifferent portions of the windbreak structure 910 and/or energy storageassembly 930 (e.g., the plurality of blocks 150 that are moved to storeand generate electrical energy or electricity). In one example, one ormore of the blocks 150 are stacked on top of two other blocks 150 (e.g.,to interleave the blocks 150), which advantageously inhibits (e.g.,prevents) lateral movement of the blocks 150 in the tower or stack 900,900G (e.g. provides a more stable tower or stack) and/or inhibits (e.g.,prevents) tipping of the tower or stack 900, 900G.

FIG. 10A shows blocks 150 of a first layer 700 that are stacked tightlywith minimal space between the blocks 150. FIG. 10B shows blocks 150 ofa second layer 800 that are stacked on top the first layer 700 of blocks150. FIG. 10C illustrates the second layer 800 laid atop the first layer700 so as to make each block 150 of the second layer 800 rest on twoblocks 150 of the first layer 700. In one example, this pattern isrepeated in other layers (e.g., in all layers) of the tower or stack900, 900G. In one example, two or more patterns (e.g., 3 or 4 tilingpatterns) for the blocks 150 can be used in the layers, levels or floorsthat form the tower or stack 900, 900G. In one example, four differenttiling patterns of blocks 150 can be used to construct or form the toweror stack 900, 900G.

The blocks 150 in the layers (e.g., first layer 700 and second layer800, all layers, levels or floors) of the tower or stack 900, 900G arearranged (e.g., lowered or positioned by the grabber 500, describedbelow) so that the sides of the blocks 150 do not contact each other anddefine a gap G between opposite surfaces of laterally adjacent blocks150, which advantageously inhibits (e.g., prevents) friction and wearbetween blocks 150 as they are lifted from a first (starting) positionand lowered into a second (finish) position. In one example, the gap Gis between about 50 mm and about 200 mm (e.g., 50 mm, 70 mm 100 mm, 150mm, 200 mm, etc.).

Block Design

FIGS. 11A-13C show an example pair of blocks 150. Optionally, the pairof blocks 150 are identical. The block 150 optionally has a rectangularshape with a length L, width W and depth D (e.g., any two of the lengthL, width W and depth D defines a rectangular surface). In one example,the length L is approximately twice the width W of the block 150. In oneexample, the width W is approximately twice the depth D of the block150. In one example, the block 150 has an aspect ratio for the length Lto width W to depth D of 4:2:1. In another example, the block 150 has anaspect ratio for the length L to width W to depth D of 3:2:1. In oneexample, the block 150 has a length of approximately 4 meters (m).Advantageously, the aspect ratio of the block 150 allows for thestability of the blocks 150 when stacked, and therefore the stability ofthe stack structure, while reducing the number of layers or floors ofblocks 150 to define the desired height of the stack structure, such asthe tower 900, 900G described above. The block 150 can optionally weighbetween approximately 20 tons and 60 tons, such as approximately 55tons. However, in other examples, the block 150 can weigh other suitableamounts. In one example, blocks 150 that define the upper (e.g., toplayer, top two) layers of the stack structure, such as the towerdescribed above, can weigh more than blocks 150 that define the lower(e.g., bottom, bottom two, etc.) layers of the stack structure.

The block 150 has a top portion 151 that defines a top surface 151, amiddle portion 152 that defines a peripheral surface 152A, and a bottomportion or base 153 that defines a bottom surface 153A. In one example,the peripheral surface 152 can have front and rear surfaces 152A1 andleft/right side surface 152A2. In one example, each of the front/rearsurfaces 151A1 is connected to the left/right side surfaces 152A2 via afacet surface (e.g., chambered or beveled surface) 152A3. The facetsurface 152A3 optionally extends at 45 degrees to the front rear surface151A1 and left/right side surfaces 152A2.

The top portion 151, middle portion 152 and bottom portion 153optionally define an outer layer or shell S of the block 150. In oneexample, the top portion 151 can have a thickness t1 of approximately10-25 cm, such as 10 cm. In one example, the bottom portion 153 can havea thickness t2 of approximately 10-25 cm, such as 15 cm. In one example,top portion 151 can have a peripheral chamfered surface 151C (e.g., thatextends at approximately 45 degrees between the top surface 151A and theperipheral surface 152A).

The block 150 includes a ballast mass 154 (e.g., load-bearing fillermaterial) enclosed in the shell S. In one example, the ballast mass 154is of a different material than the material of the shell S. Forexample, the ballast mass or load-bearing filler material 154 can besoil, coal, fly ash, debris, demolition material, gravel, building wasteand/or recycled material mixed with and/or pressed with low-grade orinexpensive concrete, as discussed below. This advantageously reducesthe cost of manufacturing the block 150 and provides a mechanism fordispensing of material (e.g., demolition material, building waste,debris, etc.) that would otherwise be sent to a landfill. In anotherexample, the ballast mass 154 and shell S are of the same material(e.g., define a monolithic or single mass without any boundaries orseams). Optionally, the block 150 can be reinforced (e.g., with steel),such as with one or more reinforcement layers 155 of mesh steel or rebar(e.g., structural steel) located in one or more of the top portion 151,middle portion 152 and bottom portion 153.

The block 150 can optionally be made at least in part of concrete (e.g.,the shell S of the block 150 can be made of concrete). Advantageously,because concrete has a higher density than water, the volume of theblock 150 can store more potential energy than a corresponding volume ofwater. In one implementation, at least a portion of the block 150 can bemade of high performance concrete (e.g., having a compression strengthof 10-60 megapascal (MPa), such as 25-40 MPa), which enables the block150 to withstand the weight of multiple blocks 150 stacked thereon. Inone example, at least a portion of the block 150 can be made of lowgrade concrete (e.g., having a compression strength lower than 10 MPa,such as 3-8 MPa). In one example, one or both of the top and bottomportions 151, 153 can be made of high performance concrete (e.g., havinga compression strength of 10-60 MPa, such as 25-40 MPa) and the middleportion 152 can be made of low grade concrete (e.g., having acompression strength lower than 10 MPa, such as 3-8 MPa), having astrength sufficient to bear the load of the blocks placed on top of it.In examples where the entire block 150 is load-bearing, the compressivestrength required of the block walls is reduced. In one example, blocks150 that are used in lower layers of the stack, as described above, canhave a higher compressive strength (e.g., more of the block 150 can bemade of high performance concrete) to allow the blocks 150 in said lowerlayers to withstand the load of the rest of the layers of the stackplaced upon it. In one example, the blocks 150 that are used in an upper(e.g., top) layer of the stack, as described above, can have a lowercompressive strength (e.g., more of the block 150 can be made of lowgrade concrete) since said blocks 150 in the upper (e.g., top) layer ofthe stack support a lower load amount (e.g., blocks 150 in the top layerof the stack support no load).

The top surface 151A and bottom surface 153A can be substantially flat(e.g., manufactured so no portion of the surface varies more than 1 mmfrom a plane extending along the surface). The top and bottom surfaces151A, 153A can extend generally parallel each other, and the middleportion 152 can extend vertically between the top and bottom portions151, 153 (e.g., perpendicular to the top and bottom surfaces 151A,153A). The flatness of the top and bottom surfaces 151A, 153Aadvantageously allows for substantially the entire bottom surface 153Aof one block 150 to contact substantially the entire top surface 151A ofa block immediately below it, enhancing the stability of stacked blocks150.

The block 150 can have one or more bores 157 that extend between aproximal opening 156 in the top portion 151 and a distal opening 158 inthe bottom portion 153. In one example, the block 150 has two bores157A, 157B that extends between proximal openings 156A, 156B in the topportion and distal openings 158A, 158B in the bottom portion 153. In oneexample, the bores 157A, 157B optionally have a circular cross-sectionwith a diameter of approximately 30 cm.

The one or more proximal openings 156 (e.g., two openings 156A, 156B)and the one or more distal openings 158 (e.g., two distal openings 158A,158B) are advantageously centered on the top surface 151A and bottomsurface 153A, respectively, so that the block is symmetrical about acentral axis along the width W of the block 150 as well as about acentral axis along the depth D of the block 150. In FIG. 13A, theproximal openings 156A, 156B are centered on the top surface 151A sothat the openings 156A, 156B are spaced the same distance from side endsof the blocks along the width W of the block 150, and the distalopenings 158A, 158B are centered on the bottom surface 153A so that theopenings 158A, 158B are spaced the same distance from side ends of theblocks along the width W of the block 150. This allows the block 150 tobe rotated 180 degrees without altering the location of the bores 157A,157B of the block 150, thereby allowing the bores 157A, 157B to remainaligned when one block 150 is placed directly on top of another block150, even if rotated 180 degrees (e.g., all bores 157A, 157B in allblocks 150 in a stack, such as the tower or stack 900, 900G are alignedfrom the top floor or level of the stack to the bottom floor or level ofthe stack). Such centering of the bores 157A, 157B advantageouslyfacilitates alignment of stacked blocks, as further discussed below.

Additionally, in examples where the length L of the blocks 150 isapproximately twice the width W of the blocks 150, blocks 150 can beinterleaved as shown in FIG. 12A, where two blocks are arranged on thesame level and the same orientation, but offset by half their width W,as shown in FIG. 12B, and a third block 150 can be placed on top of themand oriented at 90 degrees, as shown in FIGS. 12A-12B. Because the bores157A, 157B are centered, each of the bores in the top block 150 willalign with one of the bores 157A, 157B in the bottom two blocks 150.

With reference to FIG. 13C, the proximal openings 156A, 156B areoptionally defined at least in part by a tapered (e.g., beveled,chamfered, conical) surface 151B that extends between the top surface151A and the surface of the bore 157A, 157B. In on example, the topportion 151 can include a metal support or reinforcement (e.g., annularsupport) 159A. Optionally, the metal support or reinforcement 159A isembedded in the top portion 151. Optionally, the metal support orreinforcement 159A defines at least a portion of the openings 156A, 156B(e.g., defines at least a portion of the tapered or conical surface151B).

In one example, the distal openings 158A, 158B are optionally defined atleast in part by a stepped (e.g., recessed) surface 153B. In oneexample, the bottom portion 153 can include a metal support orreinforcement (e.g., annular support) 159B. Optionally, the metalsupport or reinforcement 159B defines at least a portion of the openings158A, 158B (e.g., defines at least a portion of the stepped surface153B). Optionally, the metal support or reinforcement 159B is embeddedin the bottom portion 153. The metal support or reinforcement 159Bdefines an inner surface 159C (e.g., a shoulder surface) that allows theblock 150 to be lifted and positioned as discussed further below. Inanother example, one or more protrusions (e.g., cylindrical protrusion)about the distal openings 158A, 158B can protrude from the bottomsurface 153A of the block 150 and be shaped (e.g., be tapered) to fitinto the proximal opening 156A, 156B of a block 150 on which it isplaced, allowing for the interlocking of the blocks 150 when stacked.

Grabber Mechanism

FIGS. 14A-14L show an example gripper or grabber mechanism 500 (the“gripper” or “grabber”) operable to releasably grip or grab the blocks150 (e.g., one at a time), with FIGS. 14F-14H showing the grabber 500coupled to a block 150. The grabber 500 extends from a proximal end 502to a distal end 504. The grabber 500 optionally includes a proximalconnector 505 that operatively connects to the cable 108. The grabber500 also includes a cross-member 530 attached (e.g., rotatably coupled)to the connector 505, for example via a bearing 512 (e.g., a turntablebearing) disposed between a flange of the proximal connector 505 and asurface of the cross-member 530. The grabber 500 also includes one ormore arms 540, one or more locking mechanisms 550, and optionally one ormore self-centering ends 570. Accordingly, the grabber 500 operativelycouples the cable 108 to the block 150 (e.g., to allow the trolley 106and cable 108 to lift and reposition the block 150, as described above).At least a portion of the grabber 500 (e.g., the proximal connector 505,cross-member 530, arms 540) can be made of a rigid material (e.g.metal). Optionally, the self-centering ends 570 can be made of metal.The arms 540 and self-centering ends 570 can together have a spear-likeshape.

In one example, shown in FIG. 14A, the grabber 500 has two arms 540A,540B, two locking mechanisms 550A, 550B (one in each of the arms), andtwo self-centering ends 570A, 570B (one in each of the arms). In oneexample, the arms 540A, 540B can have a tubular (e.g., cylindrical)shape, and the self-centering ends 570A, 570B can be conical in shape.As shown in FIG. 14C, the arms 540A, 540B can each have an outerdiameter that is smaller than the diameter of the bore 157 by betweenabout 5 millimeters (mm) and about 10 mm (e.g., 5 mm, 7 mm, 9 mm, 10mm), allowing the arms 540A, 540B to pass through the bore(s) 157, asshown in FIGS. 14C-14F.

FIGS. 14C-14F show the actuation of the locking mechanism 550 to allowthe grabber 500 to engage the block 150. In one example, the lockingmechanism 550 has a body 550C with an outer surface 550D and includesone or more (e.g., a plurality of) fingers or levers (or hooks) 551 thatcan be actuated between a retracted position (see e.g., FIGS. 14C-14D)and an extended or deployed position (see e.g., FIG. 14E) relative tothe body 550C. In one example, the lever(s) 551 can be located onopposite sides of the body 550C to define one or more working pair(s) oflever(s) 551 that are actuated substantially at the same time (e.g.,between the retracted and deployed positions). In one example, thelever(s) 551 can optionally be located about the circumference of thebody 550C. In one example, the locking mechanism 550 can have fourlevers 551 arranged about the circumference of the body 550C.

The lever(s) 551 optionally pivot about a pivot joint 551A between thelever(s) 551 and the body 550C. The body 550C has an angled surface 550Ebelow a bottom surface 551F of the lever(s) 551 that defines a gap S1therebetween, allowing the lever(s) 551 to pivot outward relative to thebody 550C until the bottom surface 551F contacts the angled surface 550Eof the body 550C (e.g., as shown in FIG. 14E). In one example, thelever(s) 551 have an outer surface 551E that generally aligns with theouter surface 550D of the body 550C when the lever(s) 551 are in theretracted position, allowing the arms 540A, 540B to pass through thebore(s) 157 of the block 150 without the lever(s) 551 engaging thesurface of the bore(s) 157 (see e.g., FIG. 14C).

In one example, the lever(s) 551 optionally have angled proximalsurfaces 551C, 551D that extend at an angle (e.g., 90 degrees) relativeto each other. Optionally, the angled proximal surfaces 551C, 551D joinat a tip 551B. In one example, when the lever(s) 551 are in the extendedor deployed position (see e.g., FIG. 14E, the surface 551D extendssubstantially horizontally and the surface 551C extends substantiallyvertically. Optionally, in the extended position the proximal end of thelever(s) 551 are spaced apart from each other by a distancesubstantially corresponding to the dimension of the inner surface (e.g.,shoulder surface 159C) of the distal openings 158A, 158B (e.g., of themetal support or reinforcement 159B of the distal openings 158A, 158B).Once in the extended or deployed position, the grabber 500 can be lifted(e.g., by the cable 108), allowing the lever(s) 551 to engage (e.g.,lock onto) the shoulder surface 159C, thereby allowing the grabber 500to lift the block 150.

With continued reference to FIGS. 14C-14F, the locking mechanism 550 canhave cables 553 that optionally wrap around pulleys 552 and connect(e.g., fasten) to the lever(s) 551 (e.g., proximate the angled surfaces551C, 551D). The cables 553 optionally couple to a proximal connector557, which is coupled to a spring 556 (e.g., a coil spring). In oneexample, the spring 556 extends between and is fixed to the proximalconnector 557 and a distal connector 555. In one example, the spring 556is biased toward pulling the proximal connector 557 (and therefore thecables 553) toward the distal connector 555, which moves the lever(s)551 into the retracted position. An actuation cable 558 can couple tothe proximal connector 557. In one example, the actuation cable 558 isactuated (e.g., pulled, subjected to a tension force) toward theproximal end 502 of the grabber 500 with a force (e.g., tension force)that overcomes the spring compression force of the spring 556 and pullsthe proximal connector 557 toward the proximal end 502. This optionallycauses the cables 553 to move (outward) over the pulleys 552, allowingthe lever(s) 551 to pivot outward relative to the body 550C into theextended or deployed position. Once the tension force is removed fromthe actuation cable 558, the spring compression force of the spring 556can optionally overcome the actuation force of the cable 558, allowingthe spring 556 to pull the proximal connector 557 back toward the distalconnector 555, causing the lever(s) 551 to be pulled back into theretracted position (e.g., by the cables 553 moving over the pulleys552).

In one example, shown in FIG. 14I, an electric system 531 can operatethe grabber 500 (e.g., the locking mechanism 550). The electric system531 can have one or more electric motors 532, for example optionallydisposed in the cross-member 530. The electric motor(s) 532 are operableto actuate the actuation cable 558 to effect movement of the lever(s)551. For example, the electric motor(s) 532 can be operated to apply atension force on the cable 558 to cause the lever(s) 551 to move intothe extended or deployed position, and can be operated to relax atension force on the cable 558 to cause the lever(s) 551 to move intothe retracted position. In one example, a proximal end of the cable 558can be operatively coupled to an output shaft of the electric motor 532(e.g., via a wheel, sprocket or gear attached to the output shaft of theelectric motor 532). When the motor 532 rotates its output shaft in onedirection, it pulls on the cable 558 to cause the lever(s) 551 to moveinto the extended position, and when the motor 532 rotates its outputshaft in an opposite direction, it relaxes or reduces a tension on thecable 558 to cause the lever(s) 551 to move into the retracted position.In one example, the locking mechanism 550 in each of the arms 540A, 540Bis optionally operated by a different electric motor 532. In anotherexample, the locking mechanism 550 in each of the arms 540A, 540B isoperated by the same electric motor 532. The electric motor 532 canoptionally be powered via the crane 101, for example, via a power cablethat comes from a power source of or on the crane 101 and then travelsalong the cable 108 (within or about the cable 108) to the grabber 500(e.g., into the grabber 500 via a channel 511 in the proximal connector505). In another implementation, a power source (e.g., battery) thatpowers the electric motor(s) 532 can be disposed in the grabber 500(e.g., in the cross-member 530).

In another example, shown in FIG. 14J, a pneumatic system 531A can beused instead of electric motor(s) 532 to actuate the locking mechanism550. For example, the pneumatic system 531A can include a compressor532A (e.g., disposed in the cross-member 530), which can be operated toactuate a piston 534A. The piston 534A can be operatively coupled to thecable 558 and operable to either apply a tension force to the cable 558to cause the lever(s) 551 to move into the extended position, or removeor reduce a tension force on the cable 558 to cause the lever(s) 551 tomove into the retracted position as discussed above.

In another example, shown in FIG. 14K, an electromagnetic system 531Bcan be used instead of electric motor(s) 532 to actuate the lockingmechanism 550. For example, the electromagnetic system 531B can have anelectromagnet 532B that can be selectively actuated to attract or repela metal portion (e.g., a permanent magnet) 534B. The cable 558 can beoperatively coupled to the permanent magnet 534B. When a current isapplied to the electromagnet to attract the permanent magnet 534B, themovement of the permanent magnet 534B toward the electromagnet 532Bcauses a tension force to be applied to the cable 558, which causes thelever(s) 551 to move to the extended position. When the electromagnet532B is actuated to repel the permanent magnet 534B, the tension forcecan be reduced or removed from the cable 558, which causes the lever(s)551 to move to the retracted position.

With reference to FIG. 14L, the grabber 500 can optionally include atransmission assembly 525 that effects a rotation of the grabber 550(e.g., relative to the proximal connector 505, relative to itsassociated jib 104, etc.). The transmission assembly 525 can optionallyinclude a first disk or gear 526 fixed relative to the proximalconnector 505, a second disk gear 528 coupled to a motor 529 attached toan inner surface of the cross-member 530, and a chain, cable or belt 527that wraps around and interconnects the disks or gears 526, 528. Asshown in FIG. 14L, the grabber 500 can couple to a pulley assembly 535having a frame 536 on which one or more pulleys (e.g., four pulleys) 537are rotatably coupled. The frame 536 can couple to the proximalconnector 505 via a bracket 538. The one or more cables 108 (e.g.,cables 108A, 108B) can at least partially wrap around the one or morepulleys 537, the proximal ends of the cable(s) 108 movably coupled tothe trolley 106.

In one example, the transmission assembly 525 operates to effectrelative rotation of the grabber 500 counter to the proximal connector505 when its associated jib 104 is rotated relative to the tower 102 ofthe crane 101, 101A (thereby also rotating the trolley 106, cable(s) 108and the pulley assembly 535 above the grabber 500 about the tower 102).When the jib 104 rotates in a first direction relative to the tower 102of the crane 101, 101A (and the trolley 106, cable(s) 108 and the pulleyassembly 535 above the grabber 500 rotate in the first direction and atthe same rate about the tower 102), the transmission assembly 525rotates the grabber 500 relative to the proximal connector 505 in asecond direction opposite the first direction and at the same rate ofrotation as the rotation of the jib 104 about the tower 102. Thisadvantageously causes the block 150 to not experience any rotation(i.e., the block 150 maintains the same orientation) and experienceszero moment (i.e., the block 150 only translates and does not rotate).The motor 529 can rotate the second disk or gear 528 relative to thefirst disk or gear 526 via the chain, cable or belt 527. As the firstdisk or gear 526 is fixed to the proximal connector 505, rotation of thesecond disk or gear 528 by the motor 529 causes the second disc or gear528 to move circumferentially about the first disk or gear 526, allowingthe orientation of the cross-member 530 and therefore the grabber 500 toremain the same and advantageously inhibit (e.g., prevent) twisting of(or application of torsion to) the cable(s) 108 and to inhibit a torsionpendulum oscillation of the block 150. Accordingly, the transmissionassembly 525 advantageously maintains absolute orientation of thegrabber 500 and block 150 constant (e.g., with respect to worldcoordinates) when the grabber 500 is coupled to the block 150 and thejib 104 rotates relative to the tower 102 of the crane 101, 101A.

In another example, the transmission assembly 525 operates to rotate thegrabber 500 when the grabber 500 is not coupled to a block 150 (e.g., toorient the grabber 500 at 90 degrees to its prior orientation prior tocoupling to a block 150 that is oriented 90 degrees relative to theprevious block 150 the grabber 500 moved). The motor 529 can operate torotate the second disk or gear 528 relative to the first disk or gear526 via the chain, cable or belt 527. However, as the first disk or gear526 is fixed to the proximal connector 505, rotation of the second diskor gear 528 by the motor 529 would tend to cause the first disk or gear526 to rotate (and thereby rotate the pulley assembly 535 and twist thecables 108 above the grabber 500) due to the relatively lower inertia ofthe pulley assembly 535 above the grabber 500 as compared to the grabber500.

In order to avoid such a rotation of the first disk or gear 526 andtwisting of the cables 108 above the grabber 500, a motor 522 fixed tothe cross-member 530 (e.g., fixed in a center of the cross-member 530,along the central axis of the grabber 500) is operated to rotate aflywheel or reaction wheel 523 connected to the motor 522. The torqueapplied by the motor 522 to the flywheel 523 is also applied to thecross-member 530 in the opposite direction and at a different speed (dueto the difference in inertia between the cross-member 530 and thereaction wheel 523), so that operation of the motor 522 to rotate thereaction wheel 523 in one direction causes a rotation of thecross-member 530 in an opposite direction. When the rotation of thereaction wheel 523 is accelerated (by the operation of the motor 522) inone direction, the rotation of the cross-member 530 also accelerates inthe opposite direction (in an amount that is the ratio of the two momentof inertias of the cross-member 530 and reaction wheel 523). When therotation of the reaction wheel 523 is decelerated (by the operation ofthe motor 522) in one direction, the rotation of the cross-member 530also decelerates in the opposite direction (in an amount that is theratio of the two moment of inertias of the cross-member 530 and reactionwheel 523), and eventually stops. When the rotation of the reactionwheel 523 is kept constant (by the operation of the motor 522) in onedirection, the rotation of the cross-member 530 also remains constant inthe opposite direction as the rotation of the reaction wheel 523.

As the cross-member 530 rotates in said opposite direction to thereaction wheel 523, the motor 529 effects rotation of the cross-member530 relative to the proximal connector 505 in an opposite direction asthe direction of rotation of the cross-member 530 to thereby inhibit(e.g., prevent) twisting of (or torsion applied to) the cable(s) 108and/or pulley assembly 535 above the grabber 500. The motor 529 rotatesthe second disk or gear 528 in the same direction as the rotation of thereaction wheel 523, and the grabber 500 rotates in the oppositedirection to both the reaction wheel 523 and the second disk or gear 528so the cable(s) 108 does not twist.

As discussed above, the self-centering end(s) 570 can be conical inshape. Advantageously, this allows them to self-center the grabber 500relative to the block 150 as the arm(s) 540 are extended through theopening(s) 156 in the block 150 and into the bore(s) 157. For example,even if there is a minor misalignment between the arm(s) 540 and theproximal opening(s) 156, the conical shape of the end(s) 570 will causethe arm(s) 540 to self-center themselves in the bore(s) 157 as they areadvanced through the block 150. The tapered surface 151B of the proximalopening(s) 156 also optionally facilitates the self-centering of thearm(s) 540 of the grabber 500 relative to the bore(s) 157 of the block150. As shown in FIG. 14F, the self-centering end(s) 570 extend past thebottom surface 153A of the block 150 once the grabber 500 is engaged(e.g., locked) to the block 150. This advantageously allows, the grabber500 to align (e.g., center) the engaged block 150 with the block(s) 150onto which it is to be lowered, the self-centering end(s) 570 extendinginto the proximal opening(s) 156 of the lower block(s) 150 as theengaged block 150 is lowered upon them (and prior to the bottom surface153A of the engaged block 150 contacting the top surface 151A of thebottom block(s) 150). Accordingly, the self-centering end(s) 570advantageously facilitates centering of the grabber 500 onto a block 150to grab the block 150 as well as facilitates centering of the grabbedblock 150 onto a lower block 150 when lowering the grabbed block 150.

In one example, the grabber 500 (e.g., the locking mechanism 550 of thegrabber 500) includes one or more sensors (e.g., pressure sensors,contact sensors, proximity sensor, capacitance sensor) that sense whenthe lever(s) 551 are in the retracted position or the extended/deployedposition. In one example, (e.g., the locking mechanism 550 of thegrabber 500) includes one or more sensors (e.g., pressure sensors,contact sensors) that sense when the lever(s) 551 in theextended/deployed position are no longer in contact or engagement withthe block 150 (e.g., with the shoulder surface 159C of the block 150),so that lever(s) 551 can be moved to the retracted position (e.g., bythe one or more electric motors 522).

In one example, the grabber 500 (e.g., the locking mechanism 550 of thegrabber 500, the lever(s) 551 of the grabber 500) includes one or moresensors (e.g., ultrasound sensors, proximity sensors) that senses thevertical position of the grabber 500 (e.g., of the lever(s) 551 of thegrabber 500), for example relative to a block 150 the grabber 500 isapproaching. Advantageously, said one or more sensors can help ensurethe grabber 500 can adequately couple to the block 150, in the mannerdescribed above, and account for any changes in the length of the cable108 (e.g., due to ambient temperature or elongation of the cable 108from repeated use) that may introduce an error in the positioning of thegrabber 500 relative to the block 150 if such sensors were not present.

In one example, the grabber 500 can selectively deliver an amount ofcompressed air (e.g., via apertures in the self-centering end(s) 570)onto the top surface 151A of the block 150 prior to (or during)insertion of the grabber 500 (e.g., insertion of the self-centeringend(s) 570, insertion of the arm(s) 540) into the bore(s) 157 of theblock 150. The amount of air is delivered onto the top surface 151A ofthe block 150 to clean (e.g., remove debris, dust, etc.) from the topsurface 151A, thereby ensuring the top surface 151A is clean when theblock 150 is repositioned. In one example, once the grabber 500 iscoupled to the block 150 (see e.g., FIGS. 14F-14H), has lifted the block150 and in the process of repositioning the block 150 on top of anotherblock 150, as the grabber 500 lowers the top block 150 an amount ofcompressed air can be delivered (e.g., via apertures in theself-centering end(s) 570) onto the top surface 151A of the bottom block150 to clean it (e.g., remove dust, debris, etc.) prior to the bottomsurface 153A of the top block 150 contacting the top surface 151A of thebottom block 150.

In one example, the grabber 500 can selectively deliver an amount ofcompressed air (e.g., via apertures in the body 550C) into the space S1between the bottom surface 551F of the lever(s) 551 and the angledsurface 550E of the body 550C to remove dust or debris from the space S1and allow the lever(s) 551 to move to the extended or deployed position(e.g., where the bottom surface 551F contacts the angled surface 550E ofthe body 550C). Additionally or alternatively, the grabber 500 candeliver an amount of compressed air into a space S2 between an innersurface 550F of the body 550C and an inner surface 551G of the lever(s)551 to remove dust or debris from the space S2 and allow the lever(s)551 to move to the retracted position (e.g., where the inner surface551G of the lever(s) 551 contacts the inner surface 550F of the body550C). Said compressed air can optionally be delivered to the space S1prior to the lever(s) 551 being moved to the extended or deployedposition (e.g., when the position of the lever(s) 551 is as shown inFIGS. 14C-14D). Said compression air can optionally be delivered to thespace S2 prior to the lever(s) 551 being moved to the retracted position(e.g., when the position of the lever(s) 551 is as shown in FIGS.14E-14F). Such delivery of compressed air advantageously ensures thatthe locking mechanism 550 properly operates to allow the engagement andlifting of the block(s) 150 as well as the disengagement of the block(s)150.

In one example, the grabber 500 can be rotated (e.g., the proximalconnector 505 can be rotated relative to the cross-member 530) when thegrabber 500 is not coupled to a block 150, such as using thetransmission assembly 525 and reaction wheel 523, as described above.For example, the grabber can be rotated between at least twoorientations (e.g., two orientations at 90 degrees to each other) beforethe grabber 500 is lowered from a position proximate the jib(s) 104and/or while the grabber 500 is being raised after lowering a block 150and decoupling from the block 150. The rotation of the grabber 500advantageously allows it to grab blocks 150 that are arranged indifferent orientations (e.g., arranged at 90 degrees relative to teachother), such as blocks 150 that define a layer or level where some ofthe blocks 150 have a different orientation (e.g., are oriented at 90degrees) relative to other blocks 150 in the layer or level, asdiscussed above, to define a tiling pattern for the blocks 150.

In operation, the grabber 500 is lowered onto a block 150 and engagesthe block 150, in the manner described above. Optionally, the grabber500 delivers compressed air onto the top surface 151A of the block 150to remove dust or debris, as described above. Once the arm(s) 540 extendthrough the aperture(s) 157 of the block 150, the locking mechanism 550is actuated to move the lever(s) 551 to the extended position.Optionally, prior to actuating the locking mechanism 550, the positionsensor (e.g., ultrasound sensor) senses that the lever(s) 551 are in theproper (vertical) position prior to moving them to the extended ordeployed position. The grabber 500 is then raised (e.g., by the cable108, which is optionally retracted by a winch located, for example, onthe trolley 106). As the grabber 500 is raised, the lever(s) 551 in theextended position engage the shoulder surface 159C on the bottom of theblock 150, allowing the grabber 500 to lift the block 150. When coupledto the block 150 (e.g., due to the weight of the block 150), the grabber500 does not rotate (e.g., as it would require a large amount of torqueto rotate the block 150). Accordingly, blocks 150 are lifted,transferred and lowered by the grabber 500 in the same orientation.Therefore, blocks 150 that are oriented in a north-south direction willbe lifted, transferred and lowered by the grabber 500 in the samenorth-south orientation. Similarly, blocks 150 that are oriented in aneast-west direction will be lifted, transferred and lowered by thegrabber 500 in the same east-west orientation. Therefore, the block 150will have the same orientation in its start position (e.g., before it islifted by the grabber 500) and its end position (e.g., after it has beenlowered by the grabber 500).

FIG. 15 shows one method 600 of operating the grabber 500. The method600 includes lowering 610 the grabber 500 relative to a block 150. Themethod 600 also includes inserting 620 the pair of arms 540 of thegrabber 500 through a pair of bores 157 in the block 150 until a distalend of the pair of arms 540 protrude from the pair of bores 157. Themethod also includes actuating 630 one or more levers 551 movablycoupled to the pair of arms 540 from a retracted position to an extendedposition, and engaging 640 a recessed distal surface 153B of the pair ofbores 157 with the one or more levers 551 in the extended position toallow lifting (e.g., vertical lifting) of the block 150 with the grabber500.

Crane Operation

The energy storage system 100, 100A, 100G-100P is operable to convertelectrical energy or electricity into potential energy for storage bylifting (e.g., vertically lifting) the blocks 150, 150′ from a lowerelevation to a higher elevation, and to convert potential energy intoelectrical energy or electricity by moving (e.g., vertically moving,vertically lowering) one or more of the blocks 150, 150′ from a higherelevation to a lower elevation via gravity.

FIG. 16 shows one method 650 of operating the energy storage system 100,100A, 100G-100P. The method 650 includes operating 660 a crane 101 tostack a plurality of blocks 150 by moving the one or more blocks 150from a lower elevation to a higher elevation to store energy in theblocks 150, each of the blocks storing an amount of energy correspondingto a potential energy amount of the block 150. The method also includestranslating 670 the one or more blocks to a different location. Themethod also includes operating 680 the crane 101 to unstack one or moreof the blocks 150 by moving the one or more blocks 150 from a higherelevation to a lower elevation under a force of gravity, therebygenerating an amount of electricity corresponding to a kinetic energyamount of said one or more blocks 150 when moved from the higherelevation to the lower elevation.

The electric motor-generator 120 of the crane 101 can operate thetrolley(s) 106 and cable(s) 108 to lift (e.g., vertically lift) one ormore of the blocks 150, 150′ from a lower elevation, move said blocks150, 150′ to a different location (e.g., different polar coordinatelocation along the jib(s) 104 relative to the tower 102, differentCartesian coordinate location along the bridge 104G), and place theblocks 150, 150′ at a higher elevation at said different location (e.g.,one block on top of another) to form stacks of blocks 150, 150′, asshown for example in FIGS. 1, 6A-6B, and 7A-7B. Each of the stackedblocks 150, 150′ stores an amount of potential energy corresponding to(e.g., proportional to) its mass and height differential between thelower elevation and the higher elevation of the block 150, 150′ (e.g.,potential energy=mass× gravity× height above reference surface, such asground level). The heavier the blocks 150, 150′ and the higher they arestacked, the more potential energy can be stored.

To convert the stored potential energy to electricity, the crane 101 canoperate the trolley(s) 106 and cable(s) 108 to lift (e.g., verticallylift) one or more of the stacked blocks 150, 150′ from a higherelevation, move the trolley(s) 106 to a different location (e.g.,different polar coordinate location along the jib(s) 104 relative to thetower 102, different Cartesian coordinate location along the bridge104G), and allow said block(s) 150, 150′ to move to a lower elevation(e.g., vertically lower at least partially under the force of gravity)to drive the electric motor-generator 120 (via the cable 108) togenerate electricity, which can be delivered to the power grid.

Power in the form of electricity is generated each time a block 150 islowered. FIG. 4 shows a graph of output power versus time, showing thepower generated by one pair of jibs 104 on opposite sides of the tower102 of the crane 101 in FIGS. 1-3, 6A-6E. As shown in FIG. 4, threepeaks 510 are generated corresponding to the lowering of three blocks150. After each block 150 is lowered, power is consumed 520 briefly toraise the cable 108 and grabber 500 before it is engaged to a new block150 on the stack.

FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram showing the motor/generator 120connected to the power grid 130 via a regenerative variable frequencydrive 125. The regenerative variable frequency drive 125 is an interfacebetween the motor/generator 120 and the power grid 130. The regenerative(dual bridge) variable frequency drive 125 can include a grid sidetransistor bridge, a DC bus, and a motor side transistor bridge. Thegrid side transistor bridge is an inverter that converts all DCelectricity from the motor/generator 120 to the 50 Hz or 60 Hz of thepower grid 130 (when regenerating). When not regenerating, the variablefrequency drive 125 is rectifying the grid 130 to the DC electricity. Onthe motor side, the variable frequency drive 125 changes the frequencythe motor/generator 120 is operated at (e.g., to control decelerationand/or acceleration of the motor 120, to tune the load on themotor/generator 120, to control or tune the power output from themotor/generator 120 by tuning changing the speed of the hoist motor ofthe crane 101, 101G).

The energy storage system 100 can be operated to maximize the storage ofelectrical energy or electricity. With reference to FIG. 1, the crane101 stacks the blocks 150 (each of the same size) so that all the stackshave the same height. With reference to FIG. 2, the system 100 is shownwith a zero potential energy state since the plurality of blocks 150′ ofdifferent sizes are all at ground level. The height of the blocks 150′(which is proportional to their weight) vary along the length of thejib(s) 104, with the heavier weight blocks (e.g., blocks A-D) locatedcloser to the tower 102, and the lighter weight blocks (e.g., blocksE-J) located farther from the tower 102. In one example, as shown inFIG. 3, the crane 101 stacks heaviest blocks 150′ (e.g., blocks A-D)first and closest to the tower 102, after which the crane 101 stacks thelighter blocks 150′ (e.g., blocks E-J), one by one, from heaviest tolightest until all the blocks 150′ (e.g., blocks A-J) are stacked in oneor more stacks or columns of blocks 150′ to maximize the potentialenergy storage of the system 100. With continued reference to FIG. 3, togenerate electricity by moving the blocks 150′ from a higher elevationto a lower elevation, in the manner described above, the blocks 150′ arelifted from the stack in the order of lightest to heaviest and placedback on the ground in the order illustrated in FIG. 2.

Advantageously, the energy storage system 100, 100A, 100G-100P can, forexample, store electricity generated from solar power as potentialenergy in the stacked blocks 150, 150′ during daytime hours when solarpower is available, and can convert the potential energy in the stackedblocks 150, 150′ into electricity during nighttime hours when solarenergy is not available and deliver the converted electricity to thepower grid.

Out-to-In Stacking

With reference to FIGS. 1-3, the blocks 150, 150′ are moved from a lowerelevation at a radial location along the jib(s) 104 that is farther fromthe tower 102, to a higher elevation at a radial location along thejib(s) 104 that is closer to the tower 102 to store electricity aspotential energy in the blocks 150, 150′. To generate electricity, theblocks 150, 150′ are then moved from the higher elevation at the radiallocation along the jib(s) 104 that is closer to the tower 102 to a lowerelevation at a radial location along the jib(s) 104 that is farther fromthe tower 102.

In-to-Out Stacking

With reference to FIGS. 6A-6E, the blocks 150 are moved from a lowerelevation at a radial location along the jib(s) 104 that is closer tothe tower 102 (see FIGS. 6C-6E), to a higher elevation at a radiallocation along the jib(s) 104 that is farther from the tower 102 (seeFIGS. 6A-6B) to store electricity as potential energy in the blocks 150that define the tower 900. To generate electricity, the blocks 150 arethen moved from the higher elevation at the radial location along thejib(s) 104 that is farther from the tower 102 to a lower elevation at aradial location along the jib(s) 104 that is closer to the tower 102.

Application

Described herein are examples of an energy storage system (e.g., theenergy storage system 100, 100A, 100G-100P) operable to convertelectrical energy or electricity into potential energy for storage, andto convert potential energy into electrical energy or electricity, forexample, for delivery to an electrical grid. Advantageously, the energystorage system requires little to no maintenance, and can operatedecades (e.g., 30-50 years) with substantially no reduction in energystorage capacity.

In some implementations, the energy storage system described herein canstore approximately 10 megawatts-hour (MWh) or more of energy (e.g.,between 10 MWh and 100 MWh, such as 15 MWh, 20 MWh, 30 MWh, 50 MWh, 80MWh, 90 MWh) and deliver approximately 10 MWh or more of energy (e.g.,between 10 MWh and 100 MWh, such as 15 MWh, 20 MWh, 30 MWh, 50 MWh, 80MWh, 90 MWh) to the electrical grid. The energy storage system describedherein can deliver energy each hour (e.g., 1 MW up to 6 MW or more).However, in other implementations the energy storage system describedherein can have other suitable energy storage and delivery capacities(e.g., 1 MWh, 3 MWh, 5 MWh, etc.). In one implementation, the energystorage system can optionally power approximately 1000 homes for a day.

The energy storage system described herein can advantageously beconnected to a renewable energy (e.g., green energy) power generationsystem, such as, for example, a solar power energy system, a wind energypower system (e.g., wind turbines), etc. Advantageously, duringoperation of the renewable energy power generation system (e.g.,operation of the solar energy system during daylight hours, operation ofthe wind power system during windy conditions), the energy storagesystem captures the electricity generated by the renewable energy powergeneration system. The energy storage system can later deliver thestored electricity to the electrical grid when the renewable energypower generation system is not operable (e.g., at night time, duringwindless conditions). Accordingly, the energy storage system operateslike a battery for the renewable energy power generation system and candeliver off-hours electricity from a renewable energy power generationsystem to the electrical grid.

In implementations described above, the energy storage system utilizes acrane 101, 101G to stack blocks 150, 150′ to store electrical energy aspotential energy and to unstack blocks 150, 150′ to generateelectricity. In one implementation, the crane 101, 101G can be operatedwith excess power from an electricity grid. The amount of energyrecovered by the energy storage system for every unit of energy used tolift the blocks 150, 150′ can optionally be 80-90%.

ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENTS

In embodiments of the present invention, an energy storage system, andmethod of operating the same, may be in accordance with any of thefollowing clauses:

Clause 1. A method for storing and generating electricity, comprising:

-   -   operating a crane to stack a plurality of blocks by moving the        one or more blocks from a lower elevation to a higher elevation        to store energy in the blocks, each of the blocks storing an        amount of energy corresponding to a potential energy amount of        the block; and    -   operating the crane to unstack one or more of the blocks by        moving the one or more blocks from a higher elevation to a lower        elevation under a force of gravity, thereby generating an amount        of electricity corresponding to a kinetic energy amount of said        one or more blocks when moved from the higher elevation to the        lower elevation.

Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein stacking the plurality ofblocks to store energy comprises operating a motor to move the blocksfrom a lower elevation to a higher elevation.

Clause 3. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation drives anelectric generator to generate electricity.

Clause 4: The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation or from thelower elevation to the higher elevation includes moving the one moreblocks without changing an orientation of the block while in transitbetween the lower and higher elevations.

Clause 5. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation or from thelower elevation to the higher elevation includes moving the one moreblocks based on a change in an azimuth angle of the crane.

Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein moving the one or more blocksfrom the higher elevation to the lower elevation includes moving the onemore blocks from a position farther from the tower to a position closerto the tower.

Clause 7. The method of clause 5, wherein moving the one or more blocksfrom the higher elevation to the lower elevation includes moving the onemore blocks from a position closer to the tower to a position fartherfrom the tower.

Clause 8. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation or from thelower elevation to the higher elevation includes moving the one moreblocks from one position to another position based on a translationalmovement of the crane, wherein the crane is a bridge crane mounted on asecond plurality of blocks.

Clause 9. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the lower elevation to the higher elevation includesmoving two blocks attached to opposite jibs of a crane substantiallysimultaneously from the lower elevation to the higher elevation tocounterbalance forces on the crane.

Clause 10. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation includesmoving two blocks attached to opposite jibs of a crane substantiallysimultaneously from the higher elevation to the lower elevation tocounterbalance forces on the crane.

Clause 11. The method of any preceding clause, wherein stacking theplurality of blocks includes positioning a first layer of blocks havinga first tiling pattern and positioning a second layer of blocks on topof the first layer of blocks, the second layer of blocks having a secondtiling pattern different than the first tiling pattern to inhibitlateral movement or tipping of the stacked blocks.

Clause 12. The method of any preceding clause, wherein stacking theplurality of blocks includes positioning each of the blocks so that itis oriented at 90 degrees to and contacts at least a portion of twoblocks underneath the block to thereby interleave the blocks.

Clause 13. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the blocksfrom the lower elevation to the higher elevation to stack the blocksincludes arranging the blocks in a layer such that one or more blocks inthe layer are oriented at 90 degrees relative to adjacent blocks in thelayer to minimize space between the blocks in the layer without theblocks contacting each other.

Clause 14. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the blocksfrom the lower elevation to the higher elevation to stack the blocksincludes arranging the blocks in a layer such that one or more laterallyadjacent blocks in the layer do not contact each other to inhibitfriction during lifting and lowering of the blocks.

Clause 15. The method of any preceding clause, wherein moving the one ormore blocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation or from thelower elevation to the higher elevation includes supporting the blockfrom a bottom surface of the block.

Clause 16. An energy storage system, comprising:

-   -   a plurality of blocks; and    -   a crane comprising        -   a frame,        -   an electric motor-generator,        -   one or more trolleys movably coupled to the frame,        -   a cable movably coupled to the one or more trolleys and            operatively coupled to the electric motor-generator, the            cable configured to operatively couple to one or more of the            plurality of blocks,    -   wherein the crane is operable to stack one or more of the        plurality of blocks on top of each other by moving said blocks        from a lower elevation to a higher elevation to store and amount        of electrical energy in said blocks corresponding to a potential        energy amount of said blocks, the crane being further operable        to unstack one or more of the plurality of blocks by moving said        blocks from a higher elevation to a lower elevation under a        force of gravity to generate an amount of electricity        corresponding to a kinetic energy amount of said one or more        blocks when moved from the higher elevation to the lower        elevation.

Clause 17. The system of clause 16, wherein one or more trolleys retractthe cable to lift one or more of the blocks from the lower elevation tothe higher elevation, and wherein the motor-generator generateselectricity as the cable is extended by the lowering of the one or moreblocks from the higher elevation to the lower elevation under gravity.

Clause 18. The system of any of clauses 16-17, wherein the framecomprises a tower and a plurality of jibs coupled to the tower, eachpair of jibs extending on opposite sides of the tower, at least one ofthe one or more trolleys movably coupled to each of the plurality ofjibs.

Clause 19. The system of clause 18, wherein the plurality of jibs aretwo jibs.

Clause 20. The system of clause 18, wherein the plurality of jibs aresix jibs.

Clause 21. The system of clause 20, wherein the six jibs define threepairs of jibs, each pair of jibs extending on opposite sides of thetower at a different angular orientation.

Clause 22. The system of any of clauses 16-21, wherein the plurality ofblocks comprises a first plurality of blocks and a second plurality ofblocks, the first plurality of blocks arranged to form a peripheralwindbreak structure surrounding a space to inhibit exposure of the spaceto a wind force, the crane operable to move the second plurality ofblocks within the space to store or generate electricity.

Clause 23. The system of clause 22, wherein the windbreak structuredefines a periphery with a generally circular shape.

Clause 24. The system of clause 22, wherein the windbreak structuredefines a periphery with a rectangular shape.

Clause 25. The system of clause 24, wherein the periphery has a squareshape. Clause 26. The system of clause 25, wherein the frame defines abridge that is movably supported on rails arranged on top of thewindbreak structure, the bridge configured to move in a first directionand the one or more trolleys movably coupled to the bridge configured tomove in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.

Clause 27. The system of clause 22, further comprising a third pluralityof blocks that define one or more cross-members within the space thatbuttress the windbreak structure, the space divided into one or moreportions by the one or more cross-members, the second plurality ofblocks being movable within said one or more portions of the spacebounded by the windbreak structure.

Clause 28. The system of any of clauses 16-27, further comprising agrabber coupled to the cable and selectively actuated to couple to oneor more of the plurality of blocks to lift and lower said block.

Clause 29. The system of clause 28, wherein the grabber comprises a pairof arms, each arm having one or more levers actuatable between aretracted position that allows the arms to be lowered past a bottom endof the block and an extended position that allows the one or more leversto extend into one or more recesses in the bottom end of the block tothereby couple the levers to the block.

Clause 30. The system of clause 28 wherein the pair of arms haveproximal ends that are coupled to a cross-member of the grabber, thepair of arms being spaced apart from and extending parallel to eachother to distal ends of the arms.

Clause 31. A block for use in an energy storage and generation system,comprising:

-   -   a body comprising concrete having a rectangular shape with a        length greater than a width, the width being greater than a        depth of the body, a planar facet interconnecting adjacent sides        of the body, and one or more recesses on a bottom surface of the        body; and    -   a metal plate attached to the one or more recesses to inhibit        wear on the block during movement of the block.

Clause 32. The block of clause 31, wherein the body has an aspect ratiofor the length to width to depth of 4:2:1.

Clause 33. The block of clause 31, wherein the body has an aspect ratiofor the length to width to depth of 3:2:1.

Clause 34. The block of any of clauses 31-33, wherein the body has alength of approximately 4 m.

Clause 35. The block of any of clauses 31-34, wherein the planar facetextends at 45 degrees relative to the adjacent sides of the body.

Clause 36. The block of any of clauses 31-35, wherein the body weighsbetween 20 tons and 55 tons.

Clause 37. The block of any of clauses 31-36, wherein the body issymmetrical along a first central plane through the width of the blockand a second central plane through the depth of the block.

Clause 38. The block of any of clauses 31-37, wherein the body has oneor more bores that extend through the length of the block from one ormore proximal openings at a top end of the block to one or more distalopenings at a bottom end of the block, the distal openings aligning withthe one or more recesses on the bottom surface of the body.

Clause 39. The block of any of clauses 31-38, wherein the one or morebores are a pair of spaced apart bores that extend through the length ofthe block and are centered along the width and depth of the block.

Clause 40. The block of clause 38, wherein the one or more proximalopenings have a conical shape.

Clause 41. The block of clause 38, wherein the one or more distalopenings are stepped, at least a portion of the metal plate defining atleast one of the one or more distal openings.

Clause 42. The block of clause 38, further comprising a metal plateembedded in the block about the one or more proximal openings, at leasta portion of the metal plate defining a tapered surface of the one ormore proximal openings.

Clause 43. The block of any of clauses 31-42, wherein the body comprisesan outer shell of concrete that encloses a ballast mass of a differentmaterial.

Clause 44. The block of any of clauses 31-43, wherein the blockcomprises rebar embedded in the concrete.

Clause 45. The block of any of clauses 31-44, wherein the blockcomprises a top portion that defines a top surface of the block, amiddle portion that defines a peripheral surface of the block, and abottom portion that defines a bottom surface of the block, the top andbottom portions comprising high performance concrete with a relativelyhigher compression strength and the middle portion comprising a lowgrade concrete having a relatively lower compression strength.

Clause 46. The block of clause 45, wherein the top and bottom portionscomprise a high performance concrete having a compression strength of 10to 60 MPa and the middle portion comprises a low grade concrete having acompression strength of 3 to 8 MPa.

Clause 47. The block of clause 45, further comprising one or morereinforcement layers located in one or more of the top portion, middleportion and bottom portion of the block.

Clause 48. The block of clause 47, wherein the one or more reinforcementlayers structural steel.

Clause 49. A grabber for use in lifting and lowering blocks in an energystorage and generation system, comprising:

-   -   a body comprising        -   a cross-member coupleable to a cable operable by a crane,        -   a pair of arms extending distally from the cross-member            body, and        -   one or more levers located in a distal portion of each of            the pair of arms,    -   wherein the one or more levers are actuatable between a        retracted position that allows the grabber to be lowered past a        bottom end of a block and an extended position that allows the        one or more levers to engage the bottom end of the block to        thereby couple to the block.

Clause 50. The grabber of clause 49, further comprising a conical distalend attached to each of the pair of arms that allow self-centering ofthe arms relative to proximal openings of the block during insertion ofthe distal ends through proximal openings, the conical portionsconfigured to extend past a bottom surface of the block when the grabberis coupled to the block.

Clause 51. The grabber of clause 50, wherein the one or more levers area plurality of levers arranged circumferentially about a distal portionof each of the arms at a location proximal of the distal ends.

Clause 52. The grabber of any of clauses 49-51, wherein each of the pairof arms is tubular.

Clause 53. The grabber of any of clauses 49-52, wherein in the retractedposition the one or more levers are oriented parallel to a central axisof the arms.

Clause 54. The grabber of any of clauses 49-53, wherein in the extendedposition the one or more levers pivot outward relative to the arms tothereby protrude past a side surface of the arms.

Clause 55. The grabber of clause 54, wherein in the extended positionthe one or more levers pivot outward and extend at an acute anglerelative to a central axis of the arms.

Clause 56. The grabber of clause 55, further comprising a spring loadedcable assembly having one or more cables attached to the one or morelevers and to the spring, wherein extension of the spring causes the oneor more levers to pivot outward into the extended position, and whereincontraction of the spring causes the one or more levers to pivot inwardinto the retracted position.

Clause 57. The grabber of any of clauses 49-56, further comprising anultrasound sensor operable to sense a position of the one- or morelevers relative to a block prior to coupling of the one or more leversto the block.

Clause 58. The grabber of any of clauses 49-57, further comprising oneor more apertures in the distal portion of at least one of the pair ofarms in fluid communication with an air supply source, the air supplysource operable to deliver air via the one or more apertures onto a topsurface of the block as the arms approach the block to thereby removedust and debris from the top surface of the block prior to engagement ofthe body with the block.

Clause 59. The grabber of any of clauses 49-58, further comprising oneor more apertures proximate the one or more levers and in fluidcommunication with an air supply source, the air supply source operableto deliver air via the one or more apertures into a space between thelevers and the pair of arms when the levers are in an extended positionto thereby clean said space of debris and allow the one or more leversto move unimpeded between the retracted and extended positions.

Clause 60. The grabber of any of clauses 49-59, further comprising atransmission assembly comprising a first disk fixed to a proximalconnector rotatably attached to the cross-member, a second disk attachedto the cross-member and being rotatable by an electric motor, an a chainthat wraps around and interconnects the first and second disks.

Clause 61. The grabber of clause 60, wherein the transmission assemblyis configured to rotate the body when uncoupled from a block, theelectric motor rotating the second disk relative to the first disk tocause a change in the orientation of the body relative to the proximalconnector.

Clause 62. The grabber of clause 60, wherein the transmission assemblyis configured to rotate the body when coupled to a block to counter arotation of at least a portion of a crane operatively coupled to theproximal connector, the electric motor rotating the second disk relativeto the first disk to cause a change in the orientation of the bodyrelative to the proximal connector so that the block coupled to the bodymaintains its orientation and experiences zero moment.

Clause 63. A method of operating a grabber to lift and lower blocks inan energy storage and generation system, comprising:

-   -   lowering the grabber relative to a block;    -   inserting a pair of arms of the grabber through a pair of bores        in the block until a distal end of the pair of arms protrude        from the pair of bores;    -   actuating one or more levers movably coupled to the pair of arms        from a retracted position to an extended position; and    -   engaging a recessed distal surface of the pair of bores with the        one or more levers in the extended position to allow lifting of        the block with the grabber.

Clause 64. The method of clause 63, further comprising sensing with anultrasound sensor a position of one or more levers of the pair of armsrelative to the block prior to actuating the one or more levers to theextended position.

Clause 65. The method of any of clauses 63-64, wherein inserting thepair of arms through the pair of bores includes inserting conical endportions of the pair of arms into the pair of bores, the conical endportions self-centering the pair of arms relative to the pair of boresduring insertion of the pair of arms in the pair of bores.

Clause 66. The method of any of clauses 63-65, further comprisingdelivering an amount of air from the conical end portions onto aproximal surface of one or more blocks to clean the proximal surface ofthe blocks.

Clause 67. The grabber of any of clauses 63-66, further comprisingdelivering an amount of air to a space between the one or more leversand the pair of arms when the levers are in an extended position tothereby clean said space of debris and allow the one or more levers tomove to one or both of the extended and the retracted position.

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, theseembodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methodsand systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of otherforms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in thesystems and methods described herein may be made without departing fromthe spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and theirequivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as wouldfall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Accordingly, thescope of the present inventions is defined only by reference to theappended claims.

Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunctionwith a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood tobe applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described inthis section or elsewhere in this specification unless incompatibletherewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification(including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or allof the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined inany combination, except combinations where at least some of suchfeatures and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is notrestricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protectionextends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the featuresdisclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims,abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination,of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Furthermore, certain features that are described in this disclosure inthe context of separate implementations can also be implemented incombination in a single implementation. Conversely, various featuresthat are described in the context of a single implementation can also beimplemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitablesubcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimedcombination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and thecombination may be claimed as a subcombination or variation of asubcombination.

Moreover, while operations may be depicted in the drawings or describedin the specification in a particular order, such operations need not beperformed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or thatall operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Otheroperations that are not depicted or described can be incorporated in theexample methods and processes. For example, one or more additionaloperations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or betweenany of the described operations. Further, the operations may berearranged or reordered in other implementations. Those skilled in theart will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken inthe processes illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shownin the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the stepsdescribed above may be removed, others may be added. Furthermore, thefeatures and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above maybe combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all ofwhich fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Also, theseparation of various system components in the implementations describedabove should not be understood as requiring such separation in allimplementations, and it should be understood that the describedcomponents and systems can generally be integrated together in a singleproduct or packaged into multiple products.

For purposes of this disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and novelfeatures are described herein. Not necessarily all such advantages maybe achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, forexample, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure maybe embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or agroup of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving otheradvantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unlessspecifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within thecontext as used, is generally intended to convey that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without userinput or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or steps areincluded or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with thecontext as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may beeither X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generallyintended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of atleast one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.

Language of degree used herein, such as the terms “approximately,”“about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent avalue, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, orcharacteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves adesired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”,“generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is withinless than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, withinless than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. Asanother example, in certain embodiments, the terms “generally parallel”and “substantially parallel” refer to a value, amount, or characteristicthat departs from exactly parallel by less than or equal to 15 degrees,10 degrees, 5 degrees, 3 degrees, 1 degree, or 0.1 degree.

The scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by thespecific disclosures of preferred embodiments in this section orelsewhere in this specification, and may be defined by claims aspresented in this section or elsewhere in this specification or aspresented in the future. The language of the claims is to be interpretedbroadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited tothe examples described in the present specification or during theprosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed asnon-exclusive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A grabber for use in lifting and lowering blocksin an energy storage and generation system, comprising: a bodycomprising a cross-member coupleable to a cable operable by a crane, apair of arms extending distally from the cross-member body, one or morelevers located in a distal portion of each of the pair of arms, and aconical distal end attached to each of the pair of arms that allowself-centering of the arms relative to proximal openings of the blockduring insertion of the distal ends through proximal openings, theconical portions configured to extend past a bottom surface of the blockwhen the grabber is coupled to the block, wherein the one or more leversare actuatable between a retracted position that allows the grabber tobe lowered past a bottom end of a block and an extended position thatallows the one or more levers to engage the bottom end of the block tothereby couple to the block.
 2. The grabber of claim 1, wherein the oneor more levers are a plurality of levers arranged circumferentiallyabout a distal portion of each of the arms at a location proximal of thedistal ends.
 3. The grabber of claim 1, wherein each of the pair of armsis tubular.
 4. The grabber of claim 1, wherein in the retracted positionthe one or more levers are oriented parallel to a central axis of thearms.
 5. The grabber of claim 1, further comprising an ultrasound sensoroperable to sense a position of the one-or more levers relative to ablock prior to coupling of the one or more levers to the block.
 6. Thegrabber of claim 1, further comprising one or more apertures proximatethe one or more levers and in fluid communication with an air supplysource, the air supply source operable to deliver air via the one ormore apertures into a space between the levers and the pair of arms whenthe levers are in an extended position to thereby clean said space ofdebris and allow the one or more levers to move unimpeded between theretracted and extended positions.
 7. The grabber of claim 1, furthercomprising a transmission assembly comprising a first disk fixed to aproximal connector rotatably attached to the cross-member, a second diskattached to the cross-member and being rotatable by an electric motor,an a chain that wraps around and interconnects the first and seconddisks.
 8. The grabber of claim 7, wherein the transmission assembly isconfigured to rotate the body when uncoupled from a block, the electricmotor rotating the second disk relative to the first disk to cause achange in the orientation of the body relative to the proximalconnector.
 9. The grabber of claim 7, wherein the transmission assemblyis configured to rotate the body when coupled to a block to counter arotation of at least a portion of a crane operatively coupled to theproximal connector, the electric motor rotating the second disk relativeto the first disk to cause a change in the orientation of the bodyrelative to the proximal connector so that the block coupled to the bodymaintains its orientation and experiences zero moment.
 10. A grabber foruse in lifting and lowering blocks in an energy storage and generationsystem, comprising: a body comprising a cross-member coupleable to acable operable by a crane, a pair of arms extending distally from thecross-member body, one or more levers located in a distal portion ofeach of the pair of arms, and a spring loaded cable assembly having oneor more cables attached to the one or more levers and to the spring,wherein the one or more levers are actuatable between a retractedposition that allows the grabber to be lowered past a bottom end of ablock and an extended position that allows the one or more levers toengage the bottom end of the block to thereby couple to the block,wherein in the extended position the one or more levers pivot outwardrelative to the arms to thereby protrude past a side surface of thearms, wherein in the extended position the one or more levers pivotoutward and extend at an acute angle relative to a central axis of thearms, and wherein extension of the spring causes the one or more leversto pivot outward into the extended position, and wherein contraction ofthe spring causes the one or more levers to pivot inward into theretracted position.
 11. A grabber for use in lifting and lowering blocksin an energy storage and generation system, comprising: a bodycomprising a cross-member coupleable to a cable operable by a crane, apair of arms extending distally from the cross-member body, and one ormore levers located in a distal portion of each of the pair of arms, andone or more apertures in the distal portion of at least one of the pairof arms in fluid communication with an air supply source, the air supplysource operable to deliver air via the one or more apertures onto a topsurface of the block as the arms approach the block to thereby removedust and debris from the top surface of the block prior to engagement ofthe body with the block, wherein the one or more levers are actuatablebetween a retracted position that allows the grabber to be lowered pasta bottom end of a block and an extended position that allows the one ormore levers to engage the bottom end of the block to thereby couple tothe block.
 12. A method of operating a grabber to lift and lower blocksin an energy storage and generation system, comprising: lowering with acrane the grabber relative to a block; inserting a pair of arms of thegrabber through a pair of bores in the block until a distal end of thepair of arms protrude from the pair of bores; actuating one or morelevers movably coupled to the pair of arms from a retracted position toan extended position; and engaging a recessed distal surface of the pairof bores with the one or more levers in the extended position to allowlifting of the block with the grabber.
 13. The method of claim 12,further comprising sensing with an ultrasound sensor a position of oneor more levers of the pair of arms relative to the block prior toactuating the one or more levers to the extended position.
 14. Themethod of claim 12, wherein inserting the pair of arms through the pairof bores includes inserting conical end portions of the pair of armsinto the pair of bores, the conical end portions self-centering the pairof arms relative to the pair of bores during insertion of the pair ofarms in the pair of bores.
 15. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising delivering an amount of air from the conical end portionsonto a proximal surface of one or more blocks to clean the proximalsurface of the blocks.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprisingdelivering an amount of air to a space between the one or more leversand the pair of arms when the levers are in an extended position tothereby clean said space of debris and allow the one or more levers tomove to one or both of the extended and the retracted position.
 17. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising operating a transmission assemblyto rotate the body when coupled to the block to counter a rotation of atleast a portion of the crane operatively coupled to the grabber so thatthe block coupled to the grabber maintains its orientation andexperiences zero moment.